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August 23, 2016 by Nukewatch Leave a Comment

“Waste Isolation Pilot” Becomes $2 Billion Waste Dispersal Site

In 1989, the renowned undersea explorer Jacque Cousteau said, “A common denominator in every single nuclear accident — a nuclear plant or on a nuclear submarine — is that before the specialists even know what has happened, they rush to the media saying, ‘There’s no danger to the public.’ They do this before they themselves know what has happened because they are terrified that the public might react violently, either by panic or by revolt.”

On Feb. 14, 2014 a barrel of plutonium-contaminated waste blew apart deep underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), near Carlsbad, New Mexico. The WIPP experiment was an attempt to discard some plutonium wastes left from 60 years of nuclear weapons production. The uncontrolled explosion spewed plutonium particles throughout the vast, mine-like underground chambers and scattered them all up and down the 2,150-foot deep elevator and ventilations shafts, closing the dumpsite indefinitely. This week the Los Angeles Times reports that it will cost at least $2 billion to repair the damage and to attempt decontamination.

Ventilation shaft filtration systems failed to keep the contamination underground, and a federal investigation found two dozen violations of safety procedures, yet even 2.5 years later the government doesn’t know why the barrel blew. “And [the $2B] does not include the complete replacement of the contaminated ventilation system or any future costs of operating the mine longer than originally planned,” the Times reported.

At WIPP, Cousteau’s ‘common denominator’ kicked in as usual. As the LA Times said: “When a drum containing radioactive waste blew up in an underground nuclear dump in New Mexico two years ago, the Energy Department [DOE] rushed to quell concerns in the Carlsbad desert community and quickly reported progress on resuming operations. The early federal statements gave no hint that the blast had caused massive long-term damage to the dump, a facility crucial to the nuclear weapons cleanup program that spans the nation…”

Dispersed plutonium-laden dusts were pulled up the deep shafts by the huge ventilation fans on the surface and at least 13 workers on site that day were exposed.

The DOE now says 13 workers present during the radioactive release “were tested for internal radioactive contamination” (emphasis added) and that “Initial fecal samples measured some radioactivity above normal background levels.” This admission is vanishingly rare and extremely serious for the victims, considering the inability to decontaminate your insides.

The DOE also says that 140 workers were exposed to radiation the following day (it doesn’t use the word “plutonium” much), and that “… 22 were notified that their exposure was below the 10 millirem level, which is about the same exposure a person would get from a chest x-ray.”

Regular readers will recall that for the government to compare internal radiation exposure to X-rays is deliberate, sophisticated disinformation, because X-rays only dose the target with radiation externally. The difference is highly significant. Dr. Chris Busby, of the Low Level Radiation Campaign (llrc.org), says it’s the difference between sitting in front of a warm fire, and popping a hot coal from the fire into your mouth. (The Energy Department, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the National Nuclear Security Administration all use this magician’s trick: getting us to look at the wrong thing.)

WIPP’s worker exposures were internal or breathed-in exposures, in which hot particles can lodge in tissue or bone and then for long periods of time bombard surrounding cells with deadly radiation.

The pro-nuke lobby will chant that ‘nobody died at WIPP’ because of the 2014 disaster. But radiation shortens lives and causes dozens of debilitating diseases and disorders short of death including nose bleeds, bleeding gums, joint pain, hair loss, liver disorders, elevated blood pressure, gastro intestinal problems, muscle pain, headaches, fatigue, skin rashes, respiratory problems, heart problems, miscarriages, stillbirths, infant mortality, birth abnormalities, and cancers.

The so-called Pilot Project at Carlsbad had been promoted as the disposal answer for plutonium-tainted nuclear weapons waste, and was “designed to last 10,000 years.” But as Santa Monica, Calif. activist Myla Reson reports, “The dump failed 9,985 years ahead of schedule.”

And we’re safer for it, Reson says, “because justification for approval of the dump relied on a fabricated site characterization and analysis” which made continued use of the dump potentially catastrophic — either through onsite explosions, long-term ground water contamination, or transportation disasters involving crashes en route from Hanford, Washington and the Idaho National Lab, and a dozen other H-bomb production sites from Livermore, Calif., to Oak Ridge Tenn.

Filed Under: Radiation Exposure, Radioactive Waste, Weekly Column

July 11, 2016 by Nukewatch Leave a Comment

Fukushima Radiation Continues to Spread

Nukewatch Quarterly Summer 2016
By John LaForge

March 11 marked the fifth anniversary of the worst earthquake in Japanese history and the devastating tsunami that followed, smashing Japan’s northeastern coast, killing as many as 19,000 people and sparking the worst radiation catastrophe since Chernobyl. Crashing over a 30-foot seawall, tsunami waters flooded the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex, knocking out emergency cooling pumps and causing three reactors to overheat, melt, and burn their way through their steel containers. A series of hydrogen explosions blew apart the containment buildings surrounding the reactors resulting in the widespread dispersal of iodine-131, cesium-134, cesium-137 and other radioactive materials.

Fukushima cesium concentrating in zooplankton, anchor of the oceans’ food web

Scientists tracking radioactive materials leaked to the Pacific by the Fukushima disaster have given oceanographers surprising new information, notably that most of the contaminated surface water pushed by ocean currents east toward the United States from Japan, is “submerged to a depth of [1,312 feet] near to the International Date Line and then turns toward southwest.” This pattern of ocean currents was completely unknown prior to the new study, published in the journal Applied Radiation and Isotopes.

Zooplankton are the main food source for millions of small sea animals and fish. The one in the photo has been magnified many times.

Japanese scientists, in collaboration with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre traced the movement of cesium-134, and cesium-137 (known as radio-cesium) and collected samples of both zooplankton and suspended particles. Their study has found that “zooplankton contained higher amounts of radio-cesium than particulate matter as [zooplankton] consumes organic matter and thereby accumulates cesium.”

That the animals have more radio-cesium than the suspended particles is related to the process called bio-accumulation in which the plankton absorbs the isotope faster than it is excreted. The concentration of cesium is multiplied, increasing the ratio of the toxin in living tissue, as larger species eat smaller ones on up the food chain—something biologists have warned of since the spill began in March 2011.

Zooplankton are at the very bottom of the ocean food chain, and are eaten by everything from small animals and fish to huge whales. Many small animals and fish depend on zooplankton as their main source of food. The new study’s results are useful, the authors said, in order “to understand the uptake in the food chain and estimate impact on biosystems of future releases.”

While the Fukushima catastrophe is always called “second” in overall radiation release behind the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, the total amount of cesium-137 spewed by the Fukushima meltdowns may be two to four times greater than Chernobyl, according to a 2014 report by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. —Sciencedaily.com, June 6, 2016

Unprecedented oceanic radiation release

This past March, Ken Buesseler, a marine radiochemist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution reported: “More than 80 percent of the radioactivity from the damaged reactors ended up in the Pacific—far more than reached the ocean from Chernobyl… this event is unprecedented in its total release of radioactive contamination into the ocean.”

“The continued release of radionuclides from groundwater and leaking tanks at Fukushima… needs to be watched closely, as the character or mix of radionuclides is changing. One example is the higher levels of strontium-90 contained in groundwater and in storage tanks that are leaking into the ocean.”—www.WHOI.edu

Japan to use radioactive waste in building roads—lessons unlearned from US desert Southwest

The Environment Ministry on June 7 drew up a basic plan to use soil contaminated with radioactive substances in fallout from the Fukushima Daiichi triple meltdown releases to build roads.

Under the plan, soil tainted with relatively low radioactive cesium concentrations of up to 5,000 to 8,000 becquerels per kilogram will be used to form the base layer of roads.

This layer will then be covered with uncontaminated soil, asphalt and other material at a thickness of between 19 and 39 inches.

According to the ministry, covering radioactive soil with untainted material will minimize the health risk for residents living in nearby areas, as their annual radiation dose will be kept to 0.01 millisievert or less.

The ministry plans to launch a verification project in Minamisoma, Fukushima Prefecture, as early as this summer to test the use of contaminated soil as the base material for road construction.

Tainted soil in the prefecture, generated from decontamination work following the March 2011 accident …, will be kept in an interim storage facility near the nuclear reactor complex for final disposal at a site outside the prefecture within 30 years.

The interim facility, located in an area that straddles the towns of Okuma and Futaba, is believed to store up to 22 million cubic meters of contaminated soil. The latest plan will help the ministry facilitate the reuse of contaminated soil within and outside the prefecture to reduce the amount to be transferred to the final disposal site. —JIJI, The Japan Times, June 7, 2016

600-Ton Mass of melted fuel still not located in wreckage of three Fukushima reactors 

Even 63 months since the triple melt-throughs, 600 tons of this molten uranium fuel—200 tons in each devastated reactor—is unaccounted for. Neither emergency response teams nor decommissioning authorities have been able to locate the mass of ferociously hot (radioactively and thermally) molten uranium fuel—which has to be constantly flooded with cooling water to prevent further melting.

As Energy Biz reported March 31, “The cooling water becomes radioactive and leaks out through damaged areas into the building basements, where it mixes with groundwater, increasing the volume of contaminated water.” Scientific American put it this way on March 1, “Groundwater flowing from a hill behind the crippled plant now mingles with radioactive materials before heading into the sea.”

“There is no end in sight for communities in Fukushima,” said Junichi Sato, Executive Director of Greenpeace Japan. “What started as a natural disaster turned into one of the worst industrial accidents in human history and a reminder that humanity must urgently turn its efforts toward safe, clean renewables,” Sato said.

One temporary fix—a $312 million refrigeration or “ice wall” dug into the ground uphill from the destroyed reactor complex—was switched on March 31 for the first time. The wall is supposed to divert groundwater to keep it from continually seeping through quake-damaged foundations under the reactor buildings. Flowing through the wreckage, the groundwater becomes highly radioactive by mixing with cooling water that is continually being poured onto the three masses of melted fuel. —Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 24, 2016

Filed Under: Environment, Fukushima, Newsletter Archives, Nuclear Power, Quarterly Newsletter, Radiation Exposure, Radioactive Waste

July 11, 2016 by Nukewatch Leave a Comment

 Marshall Islands Makes Case for Disarmament

Nukewatch Quarterly Summer 2016

In March, representatives from the Marshall Islands argued in front of 16 International Court of Justice judges at The Hague, making the case that the nuclear-armed states of the United Kingdom, India, and Pakistan are in flagrant violation of international law for failing to pursue the negotiations required by the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

The Marshall Islands initiated lawsuits in 2014 against nine states, including declared nuclear powers China, France, Russia, and the United States, as well as Israel and North Korea. Britain, India, and Pakistan were the only nations that made a commitment to respond. The Pacific island nation, which was the site of 67 US nuclear weapons tests from 1946 and 1958, is pursuing a separate case against the United States—which only recognizes the United-Nations-affiliated International Court of Justice on a case-by-case basis—and is currently appealing a 2015 Federal District Court dismissal of the lawsuit.

Phon van den Biesen, who is leading the legal team for the Marshall Islands, described their goal: “We are, basically, asking the Court to tell the respondent states to live up to their obligations under international law and to conduct negotiations leading to the required result: nuclear disarmament in all its aspects.”

Former Marshall Islands foreign minister Tony de Brum testified before the Court. “Several islands in my country were vaporized and others are estimated to remain uninhabitable for thousands of years. Many, many Marshallese died, suffered birth defects never before seen, and battled cancers resulting from contamination.”

Van den Biesen expects the Court will deliberate for three to six months before deciding whether it will allow the cases against the United Kingdom, India, and Pakistan to move forward.

—Radio New Zealand, Mar. 8 & 22, 2016

Filed Under: Newsletter Archives, Nuclear Weapons, Quarterly Newsletter, Radiation Exposure

July 11, 2016 by Nukewatch Leave a Comment

 Study Shows Effects of Radiation Exposure to Healthcare Workers

Nukewatch Quarterly Summer 2016

A new study published April 9 further documents the radiation health risks to healthcare workers, particularly those working in a “cath lab,” in which X-rays guide heart procedures. The study compared the rates of cataracts, skin lesions, bone disorders and cancer in interventional cardiologists, electrophysiologists, nurses, and technicians to the rates in other healthcare workers who are not regularly exposed to these X-rays.

The rate of cancer in cath lab workers (almost 3 percent) is over 3 times higher than other healthcare workers (less than 1 percent). According to Reuters, the study authored by Maria Grazia Andreassi of the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology concluded that “eight percent of lab workers had experienced skin lesions, 30 percent had an orthopedic illness and five percent had cataracts, compared to two percent, five percent and less than one percent of the unexposed group, respectively.”

While protective measures such as leaded aprons and radiation shields are available, they are not required, they do not provide complete protection and they can cause orthopedic problems. Effects of radiation on radiologists have been observed as far back as 1902 when they were associated with high rates of radiation-induced skin cancer. In the 1940s and ‘50s high mortality rates due to leukemia were found among radiologists. Many more studies have affirmed the high rates of radiation-induced disorders in exposed healthcare workers; however, there is currently no alternative to X-rays available on a mass scale.

—Reuters, April 12, 2016; Radiological Society of North America Radiology, Nov. 2004

Filed Under: Newsletter Archives, Quarterly Newsletter, Radiation Exposure

July 11, 2016 by Nukewatch Leave a Comment

Locals “Shouldn’t Fear” Waste from Wisconsin Isotope Factory

Nukewatch Quarterly Summer 2016

On February 25, 2016, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission granted a construction permit to SHINE Medical Technologies for a $100 million factory in Janesville, Wisconsin to produce molybdenum-99 (moly-99).

Press coverage of the permit caught our attention because the firm’s promotional materials promise that its production method “generates less waste” than other methods.

Moly-99 decays to “technetium-99m,” which is used in medical scans to identify the stages of certain cancers, to diagnose heart disease, and in other diagnostic procedures. SHINE, headquartered in Madison, expects to produce over one quarter of the global demand for moly-99, and the Janesville factory will provide a US source of the medical isotope. Such a source will help avoid supply problems like the current suspension of imports from Canada and The Netherlands, which have both shut down production reactors because of leaks and other safety violations.

SHINE’s public information says the company’s process involves the use of neither a nuclear reactor nor highly enriched uranium (HEU)—used in most current production methods—eliminating the risk of diversion or theft of weapons usable nuclear materials. Notwithstanding these benefits, there appears to be little advantage over current methods of production in terms of liquid, post-reprocessing radioactive waste.

SHINEmed.com says the firm “was founded to deploy a safe, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology to produce medical isotopes.” It boasts a “patented, proprietary manufacturing process” that it says “uses less electricity [and] generates less waste” than conventional production methods. Additional radioactive materials produced by SHINE will include iodine-131, iodine-125, and xenon-133.

While SHINE’s production of moly-99 will employ low-enriched uranium (LEU), its radioactive waste materials mostly are the same, along with attendant risks of accidents along transportation routes. Low Enriched Uranium will arrive at the southern Wisconsin facility and SHINE’s new system will produce moly-99 using an “ion-beam” or “gas target neutron generator.” The neutrons will be used to fission uranium atoms, producing a host of “fission products” (broken bits of uranium atoms) including moly-99, iodine-131, and xenon-133.

The Janesville Gazette’s editorial board said on the opinion page that, “Residents shouldn’t fear the small amounts of uranium waste.” But according to Dr. Gordon Edwards, President of the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, additional radioactive wastes from the process include cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium-239, and the radioactive varieties of krypton and argon gas. Neither the radioactive or toxic character of the generated waste, nor its volume, is explained on SHINE’s website.

SHINE’s factory will be across Highway 51 from the Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport, according to the Gazette. “Isotopes disintegrate quickly—thus SHINE’s desire to build across from the airport so it could speed its product to market,” the paper reported.

SHINE declined to answer Nukewatch’s questions about the source of its LEU and the nature and volume of its radioactive waste. Spokesperson Katrina Pitas wrote in an email, “It appears our two organizations have directly opposing goals. Because of this, we respectfully decline to provide comment for your article.”

SHINE has benefited from generous funding from the federal government including $15 million from the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration to produce radioisotopes without weapons-grade highly enriched uranium. The City Council of Janesville approved a $9 million incentive package for SHINE in 2012.

SHINE hopes to open its factory in three years pending NRC approval of an operating permit. There are other methods for producing medical isotopes that do not require the use of uranium at all, whether LEU or HEU and that do not produce highly radioactive waste containing fission products.

—KL & JL

—Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility emails June 14, 7, & May 25; SHINE Medical Technologies, email, June 2; Janesville Gazette, Mar. 2; Minneapolis StarTribune, Feb. 26; & SHINE press release, Feb. 25, 2016; Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Oct. 26, 2015, & Mar. 28, 2010. 

 

Filed Under: Newsletter Archives, Quarterly Newsletter, Radiation Exposure, Radioactive Waste

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